Long Bui

SOCCER BALL

ORIGIN:

There is no trusted and clear documentation mentioning exactly the date as well as the place where the ball was first played. However, most of experts and historians agree that this ball has appeared at least for 3000 years with a variety of types. PLEASE IDENTIFY THE SOURCE They believe that the first ball was made of head from poor victims as a way to discipline, then it was developed and became like nowadays. The first real ball was played by Chinese. The ball was leather sticked with fur into a small hole. About years later, the ball was improved in Japan to be bigger and stuffed with sawdust. In around 1800, rubber ball was created and marked an important point for its history. Following the time people wanted to make ball better based on the origin of rubber ball as soccer became really common. Throughout many years, the ball was completely “innovated”. The leather was replaced by synthetic leather, advanced water absorption was used. Until now, they still keep developing the ball as best as possible and this has resulted in many types of balls made. ONCE AGAIN, YOU MUST ACKNOWLEDGE THE SOURCE

HOW IT IS MADE:

Inside a ball is a spherical solid called bladder which holds air. This can be made from either butyl or latex depending on which type of ball it is. The professionals nowadays use butyl ball to play as it can hold air longer even though it is much more expensive and latex bladders can provide better surface tension. Sometimes they have to fill the ball with foam to resist its bouncing property as it will be play on hard floorings in futsal. To make a bladder, the butyl or latex is gently heated, and then it will be poured into a round shape of mould. Once it cools down, a spherical flat bladder is made and removed.

Surrounding the bladder is layers of lining. Those linings have many layers which are really much thinner than bladder. These layers are created by either polyester or sheets of laminated cotton. There can be at most 4 layers like that in a ball but sometimes can be added more. Those linings give the ball strength, maintain its shape over time and help the ball bounce. The more layers a ball have, the higher the ball bounces.

The outside of soccer balls which is also called as outer cover can be made from either rubber or synthetic leather. These sheets of synthetic leather will then be passed through a die-cutting machine. Usually, rubber balls are used for practice and synthetic balls are used for professionals. 32 panels will be matched together to make the cover up. Those panels are then imprinted with manufacturer’s logo and stitched to the layers of lining then. After that, in order to make sure the air inside will not get out; a metal needle which will be stitched outside is used. The final step is simply packaging and shipment.
PRODUCTION STEPS IN SOCCER BALL MANUFACTURING

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT:

Generally, the whole process of making a ball does not have MUCH IMPACT too many impacts on environment. However, throughout the process, residues of synthetic material or latex adhesives are usually wasted. Those residues actually cannot benefit anymore and that’s why people will get rid of them. That is really wasting as resources in nature today are apparently getting fewer and fewer. ALSO MANY OF THESE SYNTHETIC POLYMERS ARE DERIVED FROM OIL, A NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCE This action absolutely does not help at all.
More so, the major part of environmental impact of making soccer ball is actually shipment. 80% of soccer balls are made in Iran and that means it has to be shipped by planes, boats, or trucks to other countries which desire. The fuel of these transports must be really large. As a result, a huge emission of carbon dioxide which can effect to global climate change will be released.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE MATERIAL (symbols and formula)

a) Butyl: 4-carbon alkyl.
- General formula: -C4H9
Normal butyl: CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–
Secondary butyl: CH3–CH2–CH (CH3)–
b) Latex: is the polymer cis-1, 4-polyisoprene.
c) Polyester: made of ester which has at least 1 –OH group.
d) Cotton: is made of fibre which has a general formula of (C6H10O5)n
e) Fullerene (C60): large carbon molecule discovered in 1985 by Richard Smalley.
f) Nanowire (C70): a tensile strength about 100 times higher than steel.

GOOD BUT COULS YOU ALOS FIND ANY REACTIONS TO SHOW THE POLYMERS BEING FORMED.

TABLE OF MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES:

PART MATERIAL DEFINITION PROPERTY USE
Bladder Butyl A synthetic rubber formed from isobutylene and small amounts of isoprene. A four-carbon alkyl. Stability, durability, elasticity. Soccer balls, tires, tailoring cement or flooring adhesives etc.
Latex A natural source of rubber. Tensibility, resistance to wear and tear, ductility, elasticity and malleability. Gloves, swim caps, balloons etc.
Lining Polyester A fabric made from polyester fibre. Contains ester in main chain. Resistance to light and weather, super strength, malleability. Clothes, furniture, pillows etc.
Cotton Natural fibre. A soft white substance covering seeds of certain plants Malleability, colour retention, can be renewable and soft. Socks, T-shirts, underwear etc.
Outer cover Rubber A sticky solid produced from latex. Elasticity, waterproof, electrical resistance. Bowling balls, pillows, erasers etc.
Synthetic leather A fabric to substitute real leather. Elasticity, tensibility, easy to clean, temperature retention. Clothes, furniture.
How soccer balls are made
http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4677501_how-soccer-balls-made.html
Life of soccer
http://www.epa.gov/D5CDB376-2A49-42DF-9AAA-DAE383922D2B/FinalDownload/DownloadId-DBE62A9AC751B972F2CD862A953A2961/D5CDB376-2A49-42DF-9AAA-DAE383922D2B/osw/education/pdfs/life-soccer.pdf
Butyl
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyl
Environmental statement 1998
http://www.adidas-group.com/en/sustainability/assets/umwelt_e.pdf
Chemical equation regarding soccer
http://www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=chemical%20equation%20regarding%20soccer%20ball&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC8QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.ipfw.edu%2Fdragnevp%2Fsoccer.ppt&ei=OlglUZSGN4qkkgWoy4CYCw&usg=AFQjCNEvjRpV5IMimcGWELQ4jiNsADb2Pw&bvm=bv.42661473,d.dGI http://www.optiseal.com.au/whatisbutyl.php
Butyl rubber application
http://www.exxonmobilchemical.com/Chem-English/productsservices/butyl-rubber-applications.aspx
What is butyl
http://www.optiseal.com.au/whatisbutyl.php
List of latex specification properties
http://www.ehow.com/list_7678387_latex-specifications-properties.html
Use of latex
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex#Uses_of_latex
About properties polyeser farics
http://www.ehow.com/about_5087331_properties-polyester-fabrics.html
Uses of polyester
http://www.whatispolyester.com/uses.html
Properties of cotton
http://www.nanok-kids-clothing.com/properties-of-cotton.html
Uses of cotton
http://wanttoknowit.com/uses-of-cotton/
Ruber
http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/botany/rubber-info1.htm
An introduction to synthetic leather
http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/botany/rubber-info1.htm
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